Espectros clínicos y fisiopatológicos del síndrome de Bernardinelli Seip / Clinical and pathophysiological spectra of Bernardinelli Seip syndrome

Introducción: La lipodistrofia congénita de Berardinelli-Seip es un síndrome genético autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por la ausencia generalizada del tejido adiposo, el déficit de leptina y las alteraciones metabólicas incluidas la resistencia a la insulina, la esteatohepatitis y la hipertrigliceridemia. Objetivo: Definir los diferentes espectros clínicos y fisiopatológicos del síndrome y su relación con el fenotipo definiendo las estrategias terapéuticas actuales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en las bases de datos Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO y PubMed. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones en inglés, portugués o español, en las que el título y las palabras clave, abordaban el tema planteado con una vigencia de 10 años. Se obtuvieron 50 artículos relacionados con el síndrome, de los cuales 30 fueron seleccionados para su revisión. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es principalmente clínico. Se establece en presencia de tres criterios mayores o la combinación de dos mayores con dos menores y/o por la identificación de variantes patogénicas por medio del estudio genético y molecular. La dieta y el ejercicio conjuntamente con la administración de la metreleptina son pilares fundamentales en el manejo de estos pacientes. El reconocimiento temprano del síndrome es esencial para prevenir las complicaciones, y brindar asesoría genética y reproductiva a los pacientes y familiares(AU)

Introduction: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy is an autosomal recessive genetic syndrome, characterized by the general absence of adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and metabolic alterations including insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. Objective: To present the different clinical and pathophysiological spectra of the syndrome, its relationship with the phenotype, defining the current therapeutic strategies. Methods: A non-systematic bibliographic search was carried out in Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were publications in English, Portuguese and Spanish, in which the title and keywords included information pertinent to the stated objective with a periodicity of 10 years, 50 articles were retrieved, and 30 of them were selected. Conclusions: The diagnosis of the disease is mainly clinical. It is established in the presence of three major criteria or the combination of two major and two minor criteria and/or by the identification of pathogenic variants through genetic and molecular studies. Diet and exercise together with the administration of metreleptin are fundamental pillars in the management of these patients. Early recognition of the syndrome is essential to prevent complications, allowing genetic and reproductive counseling to be provided to patients and their families(AU)

Uso de metformina y un inhibidor de SGLT2 en el manejo de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada. Reporte de caso / Use of metformin and an SGLT2 inhibitor to treat congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Case report

Resumen Introducción. La lipodistrofia congénita generalizada (LCG) es un síndrome genético autosómico recesivo extremadamente raro que se caracteriza por ausencia generalizada de tejido adiposo, deficiencia en la producción de hormonas como la leptina y complicaciones metabólicas potencialmente serias como diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), esteatohepatitis e hipertrigliceridemia. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 17 años con un diagnóstico tardío de LCG y con diabetes mellitus (erróneamente clasificada como tipo I), hipertrigliceridemia severa e infecciones a repetición. Luego de introducir metformina y un inhibidor del SGLT2 en el manejo de la paciente, se logró un adecuado control metabólico. Conclusión. Con frecuencia, el desconocimiento de algunas enfermedades huérfanas lleva a diagnósticos erróneos y, por tanto, a tratamientos inadecuados que en algunos casos pueden empeorar la condición clínica de los pacientes. Por lo anterior, en el caso de la LCG, es necesario que la comunidad médica tenga una mejor comprensión de sus aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos para brindar un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

Abstract Introduction: Generalized congenital lipodystrophy (GDL) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic syndrome characterized by generalized absence of adipose tissue, deficient production of hormones such as leptin, and potentially serious metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), steatohepatitis and hypertriglyceridemia. Case presentation: This is the case of a 17-year-old female patient with a late diagnosis of GDL and with diabetes mellitus (erroneously classified as type 1), severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent infections. Adequate metabolic control was achieved after the introduction of metformin and an SGLT2 inhibitor. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge about some orphan diseases usually leads to misdiagnosis and, therefore, to inadequate treatments that may worsen the clinical condition of patients. Therefore, in the case of GDL, the medical community should have a better understanding of its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in order to provide timely diagnosis and treatment.

Targeted massively parallel sequencing for congenital generalized lipodystrophy

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim is to establish genetic diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) using targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS), also known as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Subjects and methods: Nine unrelated individuals with a clinical diagnosis of CGL were recruited. We used a customized panel to capture genes related to genetic lipodystrophies. DNA libraries were generated, sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: An accurate genetic diagnosis was stated for all nine patients. Four had pathogenic variants in AGPAT2 and three in BSCL2. Three large homozygous deletions in AGPAT2 were identified by copy-number variant analysis. Conclusions: Although we have found allelic variants in only 2 genes related to CGL, the panel was able to identify different variants including deletions that would have been missed by Sanger sequencing. We believe that MPS is a valuable tool for the genetic diagnosis of multi-genes related diseases, including CGL.

Cardiac Alterations in Patients with Familial Lipodystrophy / Alterações Cardiovasculares em Pacientes Portadores de Lipodistrofia Familiar

Abstract Familial lipodystrophy is a rare genetic condition in which individuals have, besides metabolic changes and body fat deposits, a type of cardiomyopathy that has not been well studied. Many of the patients develop cardiovascular changes, the most commonly reported in the literature being the expression of a type of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This article, presented as a bibliographic review, reviews the clinical and cardiovascular imaging aspects in this scenario of cardiomyopathy in a rare metabolic disease, based on the latest scientific evidence published in the area. Despite the frequent association of congenital lipodystrophy and ventricular hypertrophy described in the literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this cardiomyopathy have not yet been definitively elucidated, and new information on cardiac morphological aspects is emerging in the aegis of recent and advanced imaging methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance.

Resumo A lipodistrofia familiar é uma condição genética rara na qual indivíduos apresentam, além das alterações metabólicas e de depósitos de gordura físicos, um tipo de cardiomiopatia pouco estudada. Muitos dos pacientes desenvolvem alterações cardiovasculares, sendo a mais comumente reportada em literatura, a expressão de um tipo de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. Este artigo, apresentado como uma revisão bibliográfica, revisa os aspectos clínicos e de imagem cardiovascular neste cenário de cardiomiopatia em doença metabólica rara, com base nas últimas evidências científicas publicadas na área. Apesar da frequente associação de lipodistrofia congênita e hipertrofia ventricular descrita em literatura, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos desta cardiomiopatia ainda não estão definitivamente elucidados, e novas informações do aspecto morfológico cardíaco surgem à égide de recentes e avançados métodos de imagem como a ressonância cardíaca magnética.

Multiple subcutaneous nodules for 46 days in an infant aged 66 days / 中国当代儿科杂志

A boy, aged 66 days, was admitted to the hospital due to subcutaneous nodules for 46 days and abdominal distension for 10 days. The main clinical manifestations were loss of adipose tissue, subcutaneous nodules, insulin-resistant diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. The boy was diagnosed with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 (CGL1). His condition was improved after administration of middle-chain fatty acid formula milk and insulin injection or oral metformin. Gene testing revealed a homozygous mutation, c.646A>T, in the AGPAT2 gene, and both his parents were carriers of this mutation. This case of CGL1 has the youngest age of onset ever reported in China and multiple subcutaneous nodules as the initial symptom.

Aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma in a child with type 2 congenital generalized lipodystrophy

SUMMARY Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is rare in children, particularly in those aged < 10 years. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between neoplasms and hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, which are often associated with a higher risk for and/or aggressiveness of the neoplasm. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with autosomal recessive inheritance is a rare disease and is characterized by the lack of adipose tissue, severe insulin resistance, and early metabolic disturbances. Here, we reported a rare case of a type 2 CGL in a girl who presented with a papillary TC (PTC) at the age of 7 years. She had no family history of TC or previous exposure to ionizing radiation. She had a generalized lack of subcutaneous fat, including the palmar and plantar regions, muscle hypertrophy, intense acanthosis nigricans, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia, severe insulin resistance, and hypoleptinemia. A genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the BSCL2 gene (p.Thr109Asnfs* 5). Ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic solid nodule measuring 1.8 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm, and fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested malignancy. Total thyroidectomy was performed, and a histopathological examination confirmed PTC with vascular invasion and parathyroid lymph node metastasis (pT3N1Mx stage). This is the first report to describe a case of differentiated TC in a child with CGL. Severe insulin resistance that is generally observed in patients with CGL early in life, especially in those with type 2 CGL, may be associated with this uncommon presentation of aggressive PTC during childhood.

Pathogenic genes and adipogenic differentiation transcription factor PPARγ associated with congenital lipodystrophic diabetes / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Congenital lipodystrophic diabetes (CLD) is a rare genetic disease characterized by generalized or topical subcutaneous fat loss combined with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Recent studies have discovered genes underlying the disease. Mutations of such genes are associated with adipogenic anomaly, especially regulational function of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (γPPAR) for lipid. This paper has provided a review for the main clinical symptoms, classification, pathogenic genes, molecular mechanism and the relationship between PPARγ and fat loss.

Experiência de pessoas que vivem com a Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip no Nordeste brasileiro / Experience of people living with the Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome in the Brazilian Northeast

Resumo O artigo analisa a experiência de pessoas que vivem com a Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip no Nordeste brasileiro. Este estudo qualitativo foi desenvolvido com onze interlocutores, sendo nove pessoas vivendo com a síndrome e duas mães. Para coligir as informações, utilizaram-se observação participante, caracterização social e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de codificação temática. Emergiram duas categorias: (1) 'o segredo é fechar a boca': gerenciamento da alimentação na vida cotidiana; e (2) 'ah, é uma travesti?' Corpo, gênero e masculinização. Concluiu-se que na experiência dos interlocutores seus agenciamentos e criatividade se traduziram em estratégias para gerenciamento da alimentação que integravam gostos, valores, hábitos, prescrições biomédicas e prazeres envolvidos em situações de comensalidade. No que tange à corporeidade, evidenciou-se que as representações e as experiências com o corpo apresentam desigualdades de gênero, na medida em que a mulher passa a ser alvo privilegiado de estigmas, preconceitos e discriminação na vida adulta.

Abstract This paper analyzes the experience of people living with the Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome in the Brazilian Northeast. This qualitative study was developed with eleven informants, namely, nine people living with the syndrome and two mothers. Information was gathered using participant observation, social characterization and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by means of a thematic coding technique. Two categories emerged: (1) 'the secret is to shut your mouth': food management in daily life; and (2) 'Ah, is it a transvestite?' body, gender, and masculinization. We concluded that, in the experience of the informants, their negotiations and creativity translated into strategies for food management that integrated tastes, values, habits, biomedical prescriptions and pleasures involved in commensality situations. Regarding corporeality, it has been shown that representations and experiences with the body show gender inequalities, insofar as women become privileged targets of stigmas, prejudices and discrimination in adult life.

Unusual facies and recurrent high triglycerides for more than one year in a girl / 中国当代儿科杂志

A girl, aged 1 year and 9 months, was found to have hypertriglyceridemia in the neonatal period, with unusual facies and signs of dark skin all over the body, disappearance of subcutaneous adipose, acanthosis nigricans of the neck, excessive and thick hair, empty cheeks, muscle hypertrophy of the extremities, hepatomegaly, and neutrophil deficiency. Whole exome sequencing of monogenic disorder revealed a homozygote mutation in the BSCL2 gene, c.974 (exon 7)_c.975 (exon 7) insG. Her parents were heterozygotes for this locus. The girl was diagnosed with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), but the association between CGL and neutrophil deficiency remained unclear. Triglyceride was maintained at a normal level after the treatment with a low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, and there were no obvious changes in signs. CGL is a rare autosomal recessive systemic disease manifested as disappearance of systemic subcutaneous adipose, muscle hypertrophy of the extremities, and metabolic disorders in the neonatal period, such as high triglycerides, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia. About 95% of CGL cases are caused by mutations in the AGPAT2 or BSCL2 gene.

Síndrome Berardinelli / Berardinelli syndrome

El síndrome Berardinelli es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con amplia heterogeneidad clínica y genética, clínicamente caracterizada por pérdida de tejido adiposo a nivel subcutáneo y de otros tejidos. Esta lipodistrofia generalizada congénita provoca hipertrofia muscular, asociada a trastornos endocrinos, con crecimiento acelerado durante la infancia, pubertad precoz e hiperglicemia. Está considerada una enfermedad metabólica rara, que se hereda de forma autosómico recesiva. En la actualidad se describen 4 variantes de este síndrome, con varios genes implicados. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínicas en una niña, en la cual su aspecto fenotípico recuerda este síndrome, por la lipodistrofia marcada y aumento de la musculatura desde la etapa de lactante, por lo cual se consideró necesaria la valoración en equipo multidisciplinario para su adecuado seguimiento y asesoramiento genético a sus familiares(AU)

Berardinelli syndrome is a rare disease, with broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and clinically characterized by loss of fatty tissue at subcutaneous level and of other tissues. This generalized congenital lipodystrophy causes muscle hypertrophy associated to endocrine disorders, accelerated growth at childhood, early puberty and hyperglycemia. It is considered as a rare metabolic disease and also recessive autosomal inheritance. Nowadays, four variants of the syndrome are described in which several gens are involved. The objective of this paper was to describe the clinical characteristics of a girl whose phenotypical aspect resembles this syndrome due to the marked lipodystrophy and increased musculature since her breastfeeding phase. Therefore, it was necessary to make an assessment by a multidisciplinary team for her adequate follow-up and the genetic counselling to her family(AU)

Seguridad y eficacia de metreleptina en el tratamiento de primera línea de pacientes con lipodistrofia generalizada congénita / Safety and efficacy of metreleptin in first-line treatment of patients with generalized congenital lipodystrophy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) ha recibido la solicitud de evaluar el uso de Metreleptina para su uso en pacientes con lipodistrofia generalizada congénita que se presentan con compromiso renal dentro del sistema de EsSalud, medicamento e indicación actualmente no contemplada en el Petitorio Farmacológico de ESSALUD. Generalidades: La lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, o síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip, es un trastorno autosómico recesivo heterogéneo caracterizado por una carencia casi total de tejido adiposo desde el nacimiento acompañado de complicaciones metabólicas tales como diabetes mellitus, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática. Existen cuatro subtipos distintos de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada: i) el tipo 1 que se asocia a mutaciones AGPAT2; ii) el tipo 2 que se asocia a mutaciones BSCL2; iii) el tipo 3 que se asocia con mutaciones CAV1; y, iv) el tipo 4 que se asocia a mutaciones PTRF. Los productos de estos genes juega un rol crucial en la síntesis de triglicéridos y fosfolípidos, así como en la formación de gotitas de lípidos y caveolas dentro de adipocitos. Tecnología Sanitaria de Iterés: Sobre Metreleptina: El fármaco Metreleptina es un análogo de leptina humana recombinante no glicosilado de 16.15 kDa que difiere de su homólogo endógeno por una metionina en el extremo amino terminal (12). El principio farmacológico fue desarrollado originalmente por Amgen Inc. (EE.UU.) para el tratamiento de pacientes con obesidad. METODOLOGÍA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: El protocolo de esta revisión sistemática fue preparado y revisado con el equipo técnico \r\nde IETSI. Ha sido registrado como el producto de una consultoría comisionada según consta en la Orden de Servicios y Términos de referencia correspondientes. Las siguientes fuentes han sido revisadas y consultadas: Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Trip Database, The Cochrane Library, \r\nThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) del Reino Unido, The National Guideline Clearinghouse (NCG) de los Estados Unidos, The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) de los Estados Unidos. RESULTADOS: Luego de revisar un total de 262 documentos resultados de nuestra \r\nbúsqueda bibliográfica, logramos filtrar 61 estudios, e los cuales sólo 7 fueron finalmente seleccionados para \r\nnuestro análisis toda vez que constituían estudios originales que resumían la poca evidencia sobre la eficacia del tratamiento con Metreleptina en pacientes con lipodistrofia generalizada congénita. La lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, o síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip, es un trastorno autosómico recesivo heterogéneo caracterizado por una carencia casi total de tejido adiposo desde el nacimiento acompañado de complicaciones metabólicas tales como diabetes mellitus, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática. \r\nEpidemiológicamente la lipodistrofia congénita generalizada es una enfermedad considerada muy rara. En el mundo se han reportado poco más de 250 casos de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, distribuidos a nivel mundial. la fecha, la metreleptina subcutánea a dosis diaria no cuenta con evidencia científica específica que sustente su uso como una alternativa de tratamiento eficaz y segura para el manejo de los casos de lipodistrofia generalizada congénita. De hecho, es un medicamento que aún se encuentra en estudio, y actualmente se están llevando a cabo dos ensayos clínicos donde se otorga el medicamento como uso \r\ncompasivo (uno realizado por Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., y el otro realizado por el National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases de los Estados Unidos). Con el limitado cuerpo de evidencia existente, es aún incierto si el beneficio de utilizar metreleptina como tratamiento de largo plazo, como se requiere en el caso de los pacientes con lipodistrofia generalizada congénita, sobrepase su riesgo de \r\ncausar efectos adversos, por lo que va a ser importante estar atentos a los resultados de los ensayos clínicos que se están realizando actualmente en los Estados Unidos. Con los resultados de dichos estudios se debe re-evaluar el presente Dictamen. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, no aprueba el uso de metreleptina en pacientes con Lipodistrofia generalizada congénita.

Síndrome de berardinelli-seip e condição de saúde oral: relato de série de casos / Berardinelli-Seip syndrome and oral health status: case series

Introdução: A lipodistrofia generalizada congênita, também conhecida como Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip (SBS), é uma condição autossômica recessiva rara caracterizada pela ausência quase total de tecido adiposo subcutâneo desde o nascimento. As características metabólicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e genéticas da SBS são amplamente divulgadas entre a comunidade científica. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre as possíveis condições bucais associadas a esta síndrome. Objetivo: Avaliar a condição de saúde bucal de um grupo de indivíduos portadores da Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip e identificar a ocorrência de possíveis alterações orais, relacionadas ou não à condição sistêmica. Métodos: Avaliação da condição de cárie e necessidade de tratamento, grau de edentulismo e condição de saúde periodontal, por meio de métodos preconizados pelo Projeto SBBrasil 2010, aplicado a nível nacional, em 33 pessoas diagnosticadas com SBS em um estado brasileiro. Resultados: o CPOD médio encontrado foi de 16,7. A média de dentes cariados correspondeu a um valor de 4,9 e a média do número de dentes perdidos correspondeu a 6,4. A condição periodontal revelou presença de sangramento gengival em 61% dos sítios avaliados, cálculo dentário em 35% e bolsa rasa em 6 sítios dos 54 avaliados no total. Conclusões: alta prevalência de sangramento gengival, refletindo uma condição de gengivite entre os participantes, afirmada também pela ausência de casos avançados de periodontite. Além disso, foi verificado um alto CPO-D e baixo grau de edentulismo (AU).

Background: Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy, also known as Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (SBS), is a rare, autosomal recessive disease characterized by the nearly complete absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue beginning at birth. The metabolic, physiologic, biochemical and genetic characteristics of SBS are widely divulged among the scientific community. However, there are few studies on the possible oral conditions associated with this syndrome. Objective: the aim of the present study was to assess oral health status in a group of individuals with SBS and identify the occurrence of possible oral conditions. Methods: Evaluation of dental caries, treatment needs, degree of edentulism and periodontal health status using the methods recommended by the 2010 Oral Health Brazil project, in 10 people diagnosed with SBS in a Brazilian state. Results: The mean DMFT index was 16.7. The mean number of decayed teeth was 4.9. The mean number of missing teeth was 6.4. Regarding periodontal status, gingival bleeding was found in 61% of the sites examined, dental calculus was found in 35% and shallow pockets were found in six of the 54 sites evaluated. Conclusions: The prevalence of gingival bleeding was high, demonstrating gingivitis among the participants. Was an absence of cases with advanced periodontal disease. The participants had a low degree of edentulism, but high DMFT index values (AU).

Enfermedades raras: Síndrome de Berardinelli - Seip. Presentación de un caso / Rare diseases: Syndrome Berardinelli - Seip Case report

El síndrome de Berardinelli - Seip es una lipodistrofia generalizada congénita con niveles elevados de hormona delcrecimiento y de lípidos séricos. Se trata de un trastorno autosómico recesivo extremadamente raro, con unaprevalencia estimada de menos de un caso por cada 1.000.000 personas. Fue descrita inicialmente por Berardinellien 1954. En 1963 Seip y Trygstad descubren la seipina, cuya mutación produce el síndrome. No se conoce laetiología, pero se sabe que es ocasionada en parte por la incapacidad de ciertos adipocitos para mantener laacumulación de grasa. Los factores asociados con el síndrome incluyen: tendencia a desarrollar resistencia a lainsulina, diabetes e hipertrigliceridemia. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es principalmente clínico. El tratamientose basa en el control de las enfermedades asociadas.

Berardinelli - Seip syndrome is a generalized congenital lipodystrophy with elevated levels of serum lipids andgrowth hormone. It is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder with a prevalence of less than one case per1.000.000. It was initially described by Berardinelli in 1954. Seip and Trygstad discovered seipine, a proteine whichmutation produces syndrome. Unknown etiology, it is caused in part by the inability of fat cells for fataccumulation. Factors associated with the syndrome include: insuline resistence, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. The diagnosis of this disease is mainly clinical. Treatment consists in controlling comorbidities.

Lipodistrofia congénita generalizada en un paciente con anomalía de Dandy Walker / Congenital generalized lipodystrophy in pacient with Dandy Walker anomaly

La asociación entre la lipodistrofia congénita generalizada y la anomalía de Dandy Walker no es habitual. Se reporta el caso de una niña de 1 año de edad que ingresa al hospital a los 4 meses por riesgo social, con diagnóstico de anomalía de Dandy Walker. Durante su internación, se evidencia en forma progresiva aspecto acromegaloide, facies triangular, hirsutismo, lipoatrofia, hipertrofia muscular, clitoromegalia, distensión abdominal con hepatomegalia progresiva e hpertrigliceridernia. Se arriba así al diagnóstico clínico de lipodistrofia congénita generalizada. Se revisan los aspectos clínicos y el seguimiento interdisciplinario para la detección oportuna de insulinorresistencia y diabetes, pubertad precoz, miocardiopatía, entre otras. Respecto de la anomalía de Dandy Walker, se realizan controles evolutivos en búsqueda de la aparición de signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Por el carácter autosómico recesivo de la lipodistrofia congénita generalizada, es importante realizar el asesoramiento genético a los padres.

The objective of this study is to describe the unexpected association between the congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) and Dandy Walker anomaly. We report the case of a 1-year-old infant who was hospitalized at her fourth month of life with Dandy Walker anomaly diagnosis and an increased social risk. During her hospitalization, she developed progressively: acromegaloid aspect, triangular fascia, hirsutism, lipoatrophy, muscle hypertrophy, clitoromegaly, abdominal distention, progressive hepatomegaly, and hypertriglyceridemia. This led to the clinical diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Importance shouldbe given to the examination of clinical aspects as well as the interdisciplinary follow-up for proper detection of insulin resistance and diabetes, early puberty, cardiomyopathy, among others. In case of Dandy Walker anomaly, it should be checked the evolution to search intracranial hypertension signs. Due to its autosomal recessive nature, it is important to provide genetic counseling to the parents.

Bezafibrato em lactente portador de lipodistrofia generalizada congênita e hipertrigliceridemia grave / Bezafibrate in an infant with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and severe hypertriglyceridemia

Lipodistrofia congênita generalizada (CGL) com hipertrigliceridemia extrema desde o primeiro ano de vida está associada a piores riscos metabólicos. Foram utilizados dados contidos no prontuário do paciente, bem como revisão bibliográfica para composição do texto. Relatamos o caso de um lactente com fenótipo típico e hipertrigliceridemia de 1.360 mg/dL, que foi tratado com bezafibrato na dose de 30 a 60 mg/dia dos 11 meses aos 5 anos e 6 meses de idade, aferindo um nadir de triglicérides de 55 mg/dL. Evolução clínico-laboratorial antes e após bezafibrato foi feita ao longo de cinco anos e seis meses. O fenótipo apresentado foi classificado clinicamente em CGL tipo 2. Apesar do controle eficiente da hipetrigliceridemia e da ausência de desenvolvimento de diabetes melito, o uso de bezafibrato não impediu o aparecimento de esteatose hepática durante a evolução. A terapia antilipemiante com fibrato se mostrou eficaz em manter níveis normais de triglicerídeos, colesterol e suas frações e não se associou a efeitos colaterais graves durante o período descrito.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with severe hypertriglyceridemia in a children less than 1 year of age is associated with worse metabolic risk. We used data from patient records, as well as extensive literature research to write the manuscript. We report the case of an infant with typical phenotype of CGL and hypertriglyceridemia of 1,360 mg/dL who was treated with bezafibrate at a dose of 30 to 60 mg/day from age 11 months to 5.5 years old, with a measurement of nadir of triglycerides of 55 mg/dL. Clinical evolution and clinical laboratory tests before and after bezafibrate were carried out over 5 years and 6 months. Phenotype was classified as CGL type 2. Despite the efficient control of hypertriglyceridemia and absence of development of diabetes mellitus, the use of bezafibrate did not prevent the onset of hepatic steatosis during evolution. Hypolipidemic therapy with bezafibrate proved effective in maintaining the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and its fractions at normal levels, and its use was not correlated with severe side effects during the described period.

Lipodistrofía congénita de Berardinelli-Seip / Lipodystrophy Berardinelli-Seip congenital

El síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip es una lipodistrofia generalizada congénita, de herencia autosómica recesiva, que se caracteriza por la disminución o ausencia de la grasa subcutánea. Predispone al desarrollo de resistencia a la insulina, diabetes, hipertrigliceridemia y esteatosis hepática, y también cursa con ateroesclerosis de inicio precoz. Además, los pacientes afectados presentan facie tosca, hipertrofia muscular, acromegalia y acantosis nigricans. Se presenta una paciente de sexo femenino, de 3 años de edad, con peso y talla inadecuados para la edad y antecedente de cuadros intermitentes de hipoglicemia desde el nacimiento y hepatomegalia desde los 4 meses de edad. En el examen físico se observa cara triangular con red venosa evidente, escaso tejido celular subcutáneo e hipermuscularidad. Se realiza una biopsia de piel, la cual es compatible con lipodistrofia y ultrasonido abdominal que demuestra hepatoesplenomegalia y daño hepático crónico (confirmado con biopsia de hígado).

The Berardinelli-Seip syndrome is an autosomal recessive, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, characterized by a decrease or absence of subcutaneous fat with a predisposition to develop insulin resistant diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia and early onset hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. Affected patients present a grotesque facie, muscle hypertrophy, acromegally and acanthosis nigricans. We present a three-year-old female patient, with low weight and height and a history of intermittent hypoglycemia since birth and hepatomegaly from 4 months of life. Her physical examination showed triangular face, collateral vascular network, lipoatrophy and muscle hypertrophy. Skin biopsy was consistent with lipodystrophy and abdominal ultrasound reported hepatosplenomegaly and chronic liver damage confirmed by liver biopsy.

Distal Hereditary Motor Neuropathy Type V (dHMN-V) With N88S Mutation in BSCL2 Gene

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 (BSCL2) gene is known to be associated with different clinical phenotypes; Silver syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 with a dominant hand involvement and distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V (dHMN-V). Up to now, only two heterozygous mutations (N88S and S90L) in BSCL2 have been reported. We identified a N88S BSCL2 mutation in a dHMN-V family with a spastic gait by whole-exome sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a N88S BSCL2 mutation in Korean patient.

Serum retinol binding protein 4 is not decreased in congenital generalized lipodystrophy: a case series / Os níveis plasmáticos da retinol binding protein 4 (rbP4) não estão reduzidos na lipodistrofia congênita generalizada: uma série de casos

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RPB4), a protein produced by the adipose tissue, is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare disease characterized by IR and paucity of adipose tissue. Our objective was to determine RBP4 levels in patients with CGL. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Six (6) patients with CGL and a healthy control group were selected to participate in the study. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were compared between groups. RESULTS: No difference was observed in RBP4 levels between the two groups (CGL 42.5 [12.5 - 127] vs. control 57.4 [15.9 - 165]; p = 0.78). On the other hand, leptin levels were significantly lower in CGL patients (CGL 0.65 [0.2 - 0.7] vs. control 10.9 [0.9 - 38.6]; p = 0.015). No correlation was found between RBP-4 and waist circunference (r = 0.18, p = 0.57), or BMI (r = 0.24, p = 0.45). CONCLUSION: RBP4 is not decreased in CGL. These results suggest that adipose tissue may not be the main source of RBP4.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos prévios sugeriram que os níveis plasmáticos da retinol binding protein (RBP4), uma proteína do tecido adiposo, estão associados com a resistência à insulina (RI). A lipodistrofia congênita generalizada (LCG) é uma doença rara caracterizada por ausência de tecido adiposo e RI. O objetivo é determinar os níveis de RBP4 em pacientes com LCG. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Seis (6) pacientes com LCG e um grupo controle saudável foram selecionados para participar no estudo. As variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas foram comparadas quando comparados os grupos. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os níveis de RBP4 log entre os grupos (LCG 42,5 [12,5 - 127] vs. controle 57,4 [15,9 - 165]; p = 0,78). Por outro lado, os níveis de leptina foram menores em pacientes com LCG (LCG 0,65 [0,2 - 0,7] vs. controle 10.9 [0,9 - 38,6]; p = 0,015). Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre RBP4 e cintura (r = 0,18, p = 0,57) ou IMC (r = 0,24, p = 0,45). CONCLUSÃO: RBP4 não está diminuída na LCG. Esses resultados sugerem que o tecido adiposo pode não ser a principal fonte de RBP4.

Síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip: descrição genética e metabólica de cinco pacientes / Genetic and metabolic description of five patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil genético e metabólico de portadores da síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip (BSCL) acompanhados no Instituto da Criança do HC-FMUSP. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Pacientes com as características clínicas da BSCL (n = 5), todas do sexo feminino, foram avaliadas com dosagens de glicose e insulina, lípides, leptina, enzimas hepáticas, análise de DNA, ultrassonografia abdominal. RESULTADOS: A deficiência de leptina e a hipertrigliceridemia foram constatadas nas cinco pacientes. Três evoluíram para diabetes melito (DM). Quatro tiveram mutação no gene AGPAT2 e uma no gene CAV1. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações metabólicas mais precoces foram a hipertrigliceridemia e a resistência insulínica, culminando no surgimento do DM à época da puberdade, sendo as mutações no gene AGPAT2 as mais frequentes em nossa casuística.

OBJECTIVE: To report the genetic and metabolic profile of patients with Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSCL) followed at Instituto da Criança, HC-FMUSP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with clinical features of BSCL (n = 5), all female, were evaluated through serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, leptin, and liver enzymes. Abdominal sonography and DNA analysis were also performed. RESULTS: Leptin deficiency and hypertriglyceridemia were found in all the patients. Three progressed to diabetes mellitus. Four patients have mutations in AGPAT2 gene and one have a mutation in CAV1 gene. CONCLUSION: The earliest metabolic abnormalities were hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, culminating in the onset of diabetes at the time of puberty. Mutations in the AGPAT2 gene were the most frequent in our patients.

Anormalidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas em pacientes com a síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip / Cardiometabolic abnormalities in patients with berardinelli-Seip syndrome / Anormalidades cardiovasculares y metabólicas en pacientes con el síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip

Fundamento: A síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip (SBS) ou lipodistrofia generalizada congênita acomete, frequentemente, o aparelho cardiovascular e também promove anormalidades metabólicas que envolvem os metabolismos glicídico e lipídico. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência das anormalidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas em portadores da SBS. Métodos: Vinte e dois pacientes do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil), com diagnóstico da SBS, foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecodopplercardiograma, radiografia de tórax, eletrocardiografia dinâmica de 24 horas, teste ergométrico e análise laboratorial. Resultados: Os pacientes eram, predominantemente, adultos jovens, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. A totalidade da amostra apresentou resistência à insulina, acanthosis nigricans e HDL-colesterol diminuído. A presença de esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia, diabetes mellitus tipo II e triglicérides elevados era constante. A síndrome metabólica foi caracterizada na maioria dos pacientes, com predominância no sexo feminino e com um alto grau de consanguinidade paterna. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a pré-hipertensão foram encontradas em mais da metade dos pacientes (77,3 por cento). O ecodopplercardiograma mostrou a presença de hipertrofia concêntrica do ventrículo esquerdo (50 por cento), hipertrofia excêntrica do ventrículo esquerdo (4,5 por cento) e geometria normal do ventrículo esquerdo (45,5 por cento). Elevada taxa de arritmia foi evidenciada no holter, tais como extrassístoles ventriculares, extrassístoles supraventriculares e taquicardia supraventricular sustentada. A incompetência cronotrópica (54,5 por cento) foi observada no teste ergométrico. Conclusão: Anormalidades cardiovasculares e metabólicas foram observadas em elevada prevalência em indivíduos jovens e assintomáticos com SBS. Esses achados apontam para a necessidade de acompanhamento cardiológico sistemático e de medidas preventivas nesse grupo de risco.

Background: Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSS) or Generalized Congenital Lipodystrophy often affects the cardiovascular system and also promotes metabolic abnormalities involving glycidic and lipid metabolisms. Objective: To assess the prevalence of cardiometabolic abnormalities in patients with BSS. Methods: Twenty-two patients from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, diagnosed with BSS, underwent clinical evaluation, resting electrocardiogram, echodopplercardiogram, chest X-ray, 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, exercise testing and laboratory analysis. Results: The patients were predominantly young adults, most of whom women. The whole sample showed insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans and diminished HDL-cholesterol. The presence of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, type II diabetes and elevated triglycerides was constant. Metabolic syndrome was characterized in most patients, which were predominantly women and with a high degree of paternal consanguinity. SAH and prehypertension blood pressure were found in more than half of the patients (77.3 percent). The echodopplercardiogram showed the presence of CLVH (50 percent), eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (4.5 percent), and normal left ventricular geometry (45.5 percent). High arrhythmia rates were observed by Holter monitoring, such as ventricular ectopic beats, supraventricular ectopic beats and sustained supraventricular tachycardia. Chronotropic incompetence (54.5 percent) was observed during exercise testing. Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic abnormalities was observed in young asymptomatic individuals with BSS. These findings point to the need for systematic cardiological follow-up and of preventive measures in this high-risk group.

Fundamento: El síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip (SBS) o lipodistrofia generalizada congénita, afecta frecuentemente el aparato cardiovascular y también promueve anormalidades metabólicas que involucran los metabolismos glucídico y lipídico. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de las anormalidades cardiovasculares y metabólicas en portadores de SBS. Métodos: Veintidós pacientes del Estado de Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil), con diagnóstico de SBS, se sometieron a evaluación clínica, electrocardiograma de reposo, ecocardiograma doppler, radiografía de tórax, electrocardiografía dinámica de 24 horas, ergometría y análisis de laboratorio. Resultados: Los pacientes eran, predominantemente, adultos jóvenes, siendo en su mayoría del sexo femenino. La totalidad de la muestra presentó resistencia a la insulina, acanthosis nigricans y HDL-colesterol disminuido. La presencia de esplenomegalia, hepatomegalia, diabetes mellitus tipo II y triglicéridos elevados era constante. El síndrome metabólico se caracterizó en la mayoría de los pacientes, con predominancia en el sexo femenino y con un alto grado de consanguinidad paterna. En más de la mitad de los pacientes (77,3 por ciento) se encontraron hipertensión arterial sistémica y la prehipertensión. El ecocardiograma Doppler mostró presencia de hipertrofia concéntrica del ventrículo izquierdo (50 por ciento), hipertrofia excéntrica del ventrículo izquierdo (4,5 por ciento) y geometría normal del ventrículo izquierdo (45,5 por ciento). Se evidenció tasa elevada de arritmia en el holter, tales como extrasístoles ventriculares, extrasístoles supraventriculares y taquicardia supraventricular sostenida. La incompetencia cronotrópica (54,5 por ciento) se observó en la ergometría. Concludión: Anormalidades cardiovasculares y metabólicas se observaron en elevada prevalencia en individuos jóvenes y asintomáticos con SBS. Estos hallazgos señalan la necesidad de seguimiento cardiológico sistemático y de medidas preventivas...